Increased indirect bilirubin indicates overproduction of bilirubin, usually caused by hemolysis, or decreased metabolism by the liver [primarily caused by congenital defects involving uridine 5-phosphate (UDP)-glucuronyl transferase]
Copper complexes are also pH-sensitive in their coordination chemistry, and Cu(II) is redox-active in ways that a metal-free peptide is not
The ratio of GSH to GSSG within cells is often used as a measure of cellular oxidative stress
264,265,266 The hypothalamus contains various neurons that respond to different nutritional signals and hormones, like GLP-1, to regulate food intake
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The two main subtypes, classified by morphology and region, are protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes