[cite_start]Intranasal administration specifically bypasses first-pass hepatic metabolism and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) via olfactory and trigeminal nerve pathways[cite: 396]
10.3390/ijms24044004 135 Sha-ShaL.Ao-LinH.Zhi-YongD.Qi-FengL
SGLT2 inhibitors were chosen as the comparator given they are guideline-recommended second-line glucose-lowering medication and share similar cardiovascular benefits with GLP-1RA, which helps reduce confounding by indication
Tarpada SP, Morris MT, Lian J, Rashidi S
82 In type 2 diabetes-associated cognitive impairment animal models and high-glucose in vitro studies, neuroinflammatory markers, such as IL-1 , TNF-, IL-6, and MCP-1, and inflammatory responses, such as toll-like receptor 4, cyclooxygenase 1 (COX1), COX2, NF-B, leukocyte common antigen, and inducible nitric oxide synthase were increased in the brain
I was completely blind in one eye for 28 days until slowly my vision started to return
