Furthermore, skeletal circadian rhythms have been observed to be similarly regulated by a variety of gut hormones, including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and polypeptide YY (PYY) (91)
In vitro studies reveal that expression of proinflammatory genes such as IL-1, 6 and 8 is increased in MP- and NP-treated gastric and small intestinal epithelial cells, resulting in increased release of proinflammatory cytokines (15,58)
GLP-1 medications are among the most expensive therapies used in metabolic medicine today
Selected Research References Gwyer D, et al
bretylium-like effect It can produce an initial pressor effect (due to tyramine & cocaine like actions), but later results in sympathoplegia (due to reserpine & bretylium like effects)
A separate body of meta-analytic work examining blood glucose outcomes has reported reductions in fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, and postprandial glucose across multiple trials
