Smoking tobacco harms health, and is among the leading causes of many diseases such as lung cancer, heart attack, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, erectile dysfunction, and birth defects
Arecoline, a component of areca nut, has been shown to induce several pro-carcinogenic changes, including the production of nitrosamines and reactive oxygen species (Moutasim et al., 2011), and increased expression of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and interleukin-1- (Shiu and Chen, 2004) to induce changes in oral microbiome communities contributing to oral carcinogenesis (Lee et al., 2017
Future investigations should integrate longitudinal human cohorts with mechanistic animal studies colonized by smoker-derived microbiota, which may provide causal insight into how specific taxa or metabolites mediate disease trajectories
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Despite efforts made by Pfizer, Chantix has yet to reach blockbuster drug status
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