& Williams, O
Selection Criteria Studies were included in the review if they met the following criteria: (1) human participants, (2) smoking as the exposure variable and depression and/or anxiety as the outcome variable, or vice versa (depression and/or anxiety as the exposure variable and smoking as the outcome variable), (3) longitudinal study design, and (4) reported primary data not previously reported elsewhere
Ashare RL, Lerman C, Cao W, Falcone M, Bernardo L, Ruparel K, et al
Adolescents' use of nicotine-free and nicotine E-cigarettes: a longitudinal study of vaping transitions and vaper characteristics
In a 2010 research paper, University of Illinois professor David Merriman found that 75 percent of the packs of cigarettes littered on the streets of Chicago did not bear the citys tax stamp
Ethyl alcohol is also the type of alcohol that breath testing machines are programmed to detect