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They prescribed a fix: Take oral tobacco (street name: "dip" or "chaw") for a month and report back

While electronic cigarettes are generally considered less harmful than the tobacco-and-paper variety, they have not been scientifically reviewed as posing a lower risk

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This is why many UK users now prefer nicotine pouches over traditional snus

Newsweek has emailed the U.S

Abbreviations AN: Alaskan native ApgS: APGAR score BC: Birth certificate BP: Blood pressure BW: Birth weight CBT: Cognitive behavioral therapy CD : Caesarean delivery CI: Confidence interval CO: Carbon monoxide reading Cr : Cross over RCT CR: Cotinine (urine or hair) reading CV: Cardiovascular D_Bl: Double-blind Dk: Denmark Eng: England ExS : Ex-smoker GA: Gestational age H: Hispanic L: Longitudinal LipTool: Lipsitz tool MA: Medicaid MF: Malformations MR: Medical records MS: Marital status MWR: Midwives records N/A: Not applicable Nap: Neonatal apnea NB : Not blinded NC: Nordic countries No: Norway NRT : Nicotine replacement therapy NSNNU: No smoking no nicotine use OR: Odds ratio PE: Preeclampsia Pl: Placebo PP: Planned pregnancy PPBMI: Pre-pregnancy body mass index Ps: Prospective PSS: Partners smoking status PT: Preterm delivery RCT: Randomized controlled trial RecNRT: Recommended to use NRT SB: Still birth SD: Standard deviation SES: Socioeconomic status SGA: Small for gestational age SI : Scientifically structured interviews SR: Self-report Sw: Sweden SWQ: Self-completed written questionnaire TSR: Telephone self-reports YrsEd: Years of education References Einarson A, Riordan S