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10.1016/s0022-3565(25)22379-5 172 ShimokawaY.YodaN.KondoS.YamamuraY.TakiguchiY.UmeharaK

Both products expose users to over 7,000 harmful chemicals, cause cancer, and damage cardiovascular and respiratory systems

Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2019

However, the report states that the number of deaths was a little if at all higher than for nonsmokers, meaning the number was similar not lower for pipe smokers

doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32225-6, 25

A pooled analysis of three cross-sectional studies ( n = 544) reported that ever-smokers had a threefold higher risk of advanced liver fibrosis compared to non-smokers (pooled OR: 3.00